انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Designing a Conceptual Framework for Urban Co-Creation in Participatory Governance طراحی چارچوب مفهومی هم‌آفرینی شهری در حکمرانی مشارکتی 135 159 247161 10.22034/smsj.2025.517289.2137 FA زینب مولوی مدیریت سیاست گذاری عمومی 0009-0003-2837-5461 Journal Article 2025 04 17 Introduction: In recent years, classical participatory processes led by municipalities and governmental institutions have increasingly failed to respond effectively to the complexity and dynamism of urban governance. These traditional methods often suffer from limited citizen involvement, top-down decision-making, and a lack of flexibility in responding to evolving urban challenges. Consequently, there is a growing need for innovative, adaptive, and inclusive approaches that can foster more meaningful and sustainable participation in urban development. This study seeks to address this gap by developing a comprehensive conceptual framework for urban co-creation within the context of participatory governance. The primary aim is to explore and clarify the roles and interactions of various urban actors—citizens, governmental institutions, and intermediaries—and to construct a practical strategy for enhancing citizen engagement in the urban management process. Through this framework, the study aspires to contribute to the theoretical and operational understanding of how co-creation can be institutionalized within urban governance systems to produce more democratic, responsive, and equitable outcomes. Methodology: The research adopted an applied and developmental design, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches through a mixed-methods methodology. The initial phase involved an extensive literature review of existing models and conceptual frameworks related to co-creation and urban participatory governance. This theoretical exploration led to the formulation of a preliminary conceptual model consisting of potential components and phases of urban co-creation. To validate and refine the preliminary framework, the Delphi method was employed in three rounds. The Delphi technique is widely used in exploratory and consensus-seeking research to harness expert opinions. A panel of 32 experts was selected, comprising university academics, urban governance practitioners, municipal decision-makers, and specialists in citizen participation and urban planning. Data collection tools included document analysis and a semi-structured questionnaire based on a 7-point Likert scale. In each Delphi round, participants were asked to assess the relevance, clarity, and importance of identified components and dimensions. Statistical analyses were performed at each stage to measure the level of consensus. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W) was calculated to assess the degree of agreement among panelists, and the binomial test was used to confirm the acceptability of individual items based on a 70% agreement threshold, as recommended by expert consultation. Results and Discussion: The final conceptual framework of urban co-creation includes three primary components: 1. Actors Involved in Co-Creation – This component identifies the roles of citizens, municipal authorities, civil society organizations, and intermediaries in the co-creation process. 2. Interactive Communication Mechanisms – This refers to the tools and platforms (both formal and informal) that facilitate ongoing dialogue, mutual learning, and shared decision-making. 3. Municipal System – This includes institutional readiness, regulatory frameworks, and organizational structures that support or hinder co-creation efforts. Additionally, the framework outlines four progressive phases of urban co-creation: • Co-Ideation (joint problem identification and idea generation), • Co-Design (collaborative planning and design of solutions), • Co-Production (joint implementation of services or policies), and • Co-Evaluation (shared monitoring and evaluation of outcomes). A total of 15 key elements were validated within these components and phases. During the first round of Delphi, all initial 14 proposed elements were approved by the panel, with one additional element related to municipal regulations being suggested and accepted. In the second round, the 15 elements were re-evaluated using the Likert scale and confirmed. Kendall’s W in the second round was 0.705, indicating strong agreement. In the third round, which involved 30 of the original 32 experts, the coefficient rose to 0.713, showing consistent and strong consensus. The similarity of rankings and stable component structure across the second and third rounds indicated that the process could be concluded at three rounds. Conclusion: This study underscores the necessity of transitioning from conventional, often symbolic participatory practices toward more genuine, dialogical, and co-productive forms of engagement in urban governance. The final conceptual framework provides a structured, yet flexible, approach for municipalities and urban policymakers to design and implement participatory processes that go beyond consultation to active collaboration. By recognizing citizens not merely as recipients of services but as co-creators of urban solutions, cities can build more resilient, inclusive, and adaptive governance systems. The framework offers theoretical insight and practical guidance for future research and application in diverse urban contexts, particularly in rapidly urbanizing societies where citizen trust, legitimacy, and institutional responsiveness are crucial. Ultimately, institutionalizing co-creation in urban governance can foster democratic renewal, enhance public value, and contribute to more just and sustainable urban futures. فرایندهای مشارکتی کلاسیک ایجادشده توسط شهرداری‌ها و دولت‌ها برای حکمرانی مشارکتی شهری، امروزه کارایی کمی دارد. بنابراین، تنوع تجربیات ممکن است برای بیان برخی از راه‌های ترکیبی برای درک فعالیت‌ها و موضوعات مشارکت کافی نباشد و نیاز به روش‌های جدید و نوآورانه در حکمرانی شهری بیش از پیش نمایان است این پژوهش با هدف طراحی چارچوب مفهومی برای هم‌آفرینی در حکمرانی مشارکتی شهری، به تبیین نقش و تعامل بازیگران مختلف در فرآیندهای شهری، راهکاری عملی برای تقویت مشارکت مؤثر و معنادار شهروندان در مدیریت شهری در قالب هم‌آفرینی ارائه دهد. پژوهش حاضر کاربردی- توسعه‌ای و با رویکرد آمیخته انجام گرفت. ابتدا، با مطالعه چارچوب‌ها و مدل‌های موجود هم‌آفرینی و هم‌آفرینی شهری، چارچوب مفهومی اولیه طراحی شد. سپس، با استفاده از سه دور دلفی چارچوب کلی و اجزای آن اعتباربخشی شد. پانل دلفی شامل 32 نفر از خبرگان حوزه مدیریت شهری و حکمرانی در سطح دانشگاه و کارشناسان مشارکت‌های مردمی، توسعه و برنامه‌ریزی شهری در سطح شهرداری‌ها بودند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، اسناد و پرسشنامه ترکیبی بود. چارچوب پیشنهادی در سه بخش (بازیگران، ارتباطات تعاملی و مجموعه شهرداری)، چهار مرحله (هم‌ایده‌پردازی، هم‌طراحی، هم‌تولیدی و هم‌ارزیابی) و 15 مؤلفه نهایی شد. این پژوهش تأکید می‌کند که تحقق هم‌آفرینی شهری نیازمند رویکردی فراتر از مشارکت صوری، در جهت ایجاد ارتباطی اصیل و دوسویه میان نهادهای رسمی و شهروندان می‌باشد.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Strategies for Improving Shasta Holding's Global Position in the Shadow of Artificial Intelligence: A Framework Based on Ideal Vision and Strategic Planning راهبردهای ارتقای جایگاه جهانی هلدینگ شستا در سایه هوش مصنوعی: چارچوبی مبتنی بر چشم‌انداز آرمانی و برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی 242702 10.22034/smsj.2025.528794.2166 FA حسینعلی نجارپور گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0001-7856-7873 اسماعیل ملک اخلاق گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0002-4569-4478 Journal Article 2025 06 07 Abstract Introduction: In today's digitally-driven economic landscape, artificial intelligence has emerged as a critical competitive differentiator for ambitious holding corporations like Shasta, which has strategically pursued profitability while advancing the objectives of the Social Security Organization. After three decades of development, Shasta now envisions transforming into a global enterprise, as demonstrated by its 2024 agreement with Rightel to implement AI-driven infrastructure modernization across its subsidiary holdings. This study examines AI's transformative capacity within complex corporate ecosystems like Shasta's, analyzing three fundamental dimensions: strategic implementation frameworks, organizational impact pathways, and performance measurement systems. The research particularly investigates the unique challenges facing diversified holdings that operate across multiple regulatory environments while pursuing both domestic social mandates and international expansion goals. This study aims to elucidate how artificial intelligence adoption facilitates the concurrent realization of dual strategic objectives: operational process optimization for enhanced profitability alongside the fulfillment of broader organizational missions at a macro level. For Shasta specifically, intelligent infrastructure modernization represents a crucial step in its global ambitions, requiring careful navigation of technical, organizational, and regulatory complexities characteristic of large-scale holding company transformations. Methodology: The research utilizes a systematic scoping methodology to examine AI implementation best practices among multinational corporations. The investigation draws upon industry case studies, transformation initiatives, and technological implementations, evaluating four critical dimensions: technological infrastructure requirements, organizational adaptation processes, governance model development, and performance measurement systems. Particular emphasis is placed on challenges unique to holding company structures, including cross-subsidiary data integration, balancing centralized and decentralized decision-making models, and managing compliance across different regulatory regimes. Results and Discussion: The findings establish that effective AI adoption necessitates a comprehensive three-dimensional strategy. From a technological perspective, organizations should create specialized AI centers with integrated data architectures that facilitate secure, enterprise-wide information flows. These centers should focus on developing synergistic human-AI systems featuring intelligent interfaces that merge institutional knowledge with machine learning capabilities. Organizationally, structural transformation proves essential, with recommended investments including dedicated time allocation (10-15% of work hours) for workforce digital upskilling and the establishment of innovation laboratories serving as digital transformation incubators. AI demonstrates substantial value creation potential in two primary domains. In corporate governance, it enables the development of ethical frameworks for algorithmic decision-making while mitigating potential biases and risks. Operationally, human-AI collaboration yields significant efficiency improvements (up to 40% in data-intensive processes) and substantial cost reductions (up to 80% in non-core functions) through strategic automation. Particularly impactful applications emerge in intelligent supply chain optimization and predictive analytics decision-support systems. Comprehensive evaluation requires balanced quantitative and qualitative metrics. Key performance indicators include 42% enhancements in AI investment returns, 35% reductions in managerial decision errors, and corresponding growth rates in relevant market segments. Qualitative benefits encompass improved strategic decision-making quality and enhanced organizational resilience to market volatility. The research identifies cross-functional integration as the most significant success determinant, with enterprise-wide implementations substantially outperforming departmental pilot projects. The study reveals critical gaps between theoretical potential and practical execution. Effective implementation requires establishing robust data governance frameworks at both macro (cross-border standardization) and micro (operational quality assurance) levels. Change management emerges as the most commonly underestimated factor, with resistance manifesting across various organizational tiers. The findings emphasize the necessity for parallel rather than sequential development across technological, human capital, and governance dimensions. Conclusion: This research presents an integrated roadmap for AI adoption in global holding companies, demonstrating that successful digital transformation requires balanced development across three foundational pillars: technological infrastructure, organizational capabilities, and governance frameworks. Implementation should commence with targeted, high-visibility pilot projects that address specific operational challenges while building institutional capacity for broader deployment. The study positions AI not merely as a technological solution but as a catalyst for comprehensive organizational evolution in the digital era. Future advancements depend on developing sophisticated measurement tools capable of assessing AI's strategic value beyond operational metrics, particularly in evaluating innovation capacity and organizational agility enhancements. For holding companies embarking on AI transformation journeys, the research provides four key recommendations: 1. Initiate transformation with strategically selected pilot projects demonstrating clear value 2. Pursue concurrent investments in technological systems, human capital development, and governance structures 3. Prioritize enterprise-wide integration over isolated departmental implementations 4. Implement comprehensive measurement frameworks capturing both quantitative outcomes and qualitative improvements By adopting this balanced, phased approach, holding companies can methodically cultivate AI capabilities that generate sustainable competitive advantages in increasingly volatile global markets. The framework offers practical guidance for navigating transformation complexities while maintaining strategic alignment with core business objectives, ultimately enabling organizations to harness AI's full potential as a driver of international competitiveness and long-term value creation. Previous studies have addressed various aspects of global strategies but have not provided a comprehensive framework; the innovation of this research is to fill this knowledge gap. هدف: این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی راهبردهای نظام‌مند برای ارتقای جایگاه جهانی هلدینگ شستا در سایه هوش مصنوعی و ارائه چارچوبی مبتنی بر چشم‌انداز آرمانی و برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی انجام شده است. با توجه به تحولات سریع فناوری و نقش کلیدی هوش مصنوعی در ایجاد مزیت رقابتی، این مطالعه به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش است که چگونه می‌توان از هوش مصنوعی به‌عنوان ابزاری کارآمد برای دستیابی به جایگاه جهانی استفاده کرد. روش: این پژوهش با استفاده از روش مرور حیطه‌ای و بر اساس چارچوب شش‌مرحله‌ای آرکسی و اُمالی (2005) انجام شده است. داده‌ها از پایگاه‌های معتبر علمی مانند؛ اسکوپوس، وب آو ساینس و ساینس دایرکت، استخراج و پس از غربالگری، 12 مقاله نهایی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. معیارهای شمول شامل مطالعات منتشر شده در بازه زمانی 2018 تا 2024، مقالات پراستناد، و پژوهش‌های کاربردی در حوزه شرکت‌های هلدینگ بود. نتایج و تحلیل: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که هوش مصنوعی در سه سطح تحول راهبردی، بهینه‌سازی عملیاتی، و رشد سازمانی تأثیرگذار است. راهبردهای کلیدی شامل توسعه اکوسیستم داده‌محور، طراحی سیستم‌های ترکیبی انسان و هوش مصنوعی، و اجرای گام‌به‌گام راهکارهای هوش مصنوعی است. همچنین، چالش‌های اصلی مانند موانع فناورانه، حقوقی، و سازمانی شناسایی شدند. نتیجه‌گیری و پیشنهاد: برای ارتقای جایگاه جهانی هلدینگ شستا، پیشنهاد می‌شود چارچوبی چهاربعدی شامل ابعاد؛ فناورانه، سازمانی، راهبردی و اخلاقی / حکمرانی تدوین شود. این چارچوب می‌تواند به عنوان راهنمایی برای پیاده‌سازی هوش مصنوعی در سطح سازمانی و دستیابی به مزیت رقابتی پایدار مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Designing a Change Leadership Competency Model for Higher Education Managers in Iran: A Phenomenological Study طراحی الگوی صلاحیت‌های رهبری تغییر برای مدیران آموزش عالی ایران: مطالعه پدیدارشناسی 242711 10.22034/smsj.2026.544656.2194 FA زهرا سورانه کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت آموزشی، گروه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی آموزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران مریم سادات قریشی خوراسگانی دانشیار گروه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی آموزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-6210-134X اصغر زمانی دانشیار گروه مطالعات مدیریت آموزش عالی، مؤسسه پژوهش و برنامه ریزی آموزش عالی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 09 02 Introduction: In Iranian higher education, despite the pivotal role of universities in national development, evidence indicates a weakness or even absence of transformational leadership, leading to organizational stagnation. Baghdarnia et al. (2020) revealed that transformational leadership in Iran’s public universities was rated below average [19]. In the absence of effective change leadership, universities have become preoccupied with routine administrative and bureaucratic tasks, diverting managerial energy from strategic, forward-looking planning [20, 21] toward maintaining traditional structures and inefficient processes. This leadership gap has produced numerous consequences, including the dominance of traditional management, leadership inertia, slow adoption of technological transformations, limited international achievements, and inadequate responsiveness to societal needs [22]. It has also resulted in a lack of clear vision, weak collective purpose, reduced performance, disregard for quality standards, uncoordinated program expansion, poor alignment with industrial needs, and waste of financial and human resources. Furthermore, universities demonstrate limited foresight regarding future developments [20, 21] and a superficial understanding of internationalization and globalization, symptoms of the absence of change leadership competencies among higher education managers [25]. Success in dynamic and complex environments requires leaders equipped with essential competencies such as understanding academic culture, scholarly credibility, financial and reputational management, and strategic vision, competencies that transcend administrative management and reflect change-oriented leadership. As the achievement of higher education goals largely depends on leaders’ capabilities, managerial selection should emphasize leadership competencies [22]. Nevertheless, prior studies have mainly addressed leadership competencies in school education or non-academic contexts, leaving a gap in higher education. A comprehensive understanding of change leadership competencies is therefore vital for researchers, policymakers, and university administrators, providing a foundation for enhancing leader selection, evaluation, and development to meet 21st-century challenges. Accordingly, this study pioneers an indigenous, competency-based model of change leadership tailored to Iran’s higher education context. Methodology: This research is applied in its objective and qualitative in its approach, employing a phenomenological method. The target population comprised higher education managers, 18 of whom were interviewed through purposive criterion sampling (holding managerial positions in various sectors of higher education and possessing relevant expertise on the subject). Data were collected using semi-structured interviews conducted in person, online, or by phone, each lasting between 30 to 60 minutes, depending on participant convenience. The interview data were transcribed and analyzed through a six-step thematic analysis method. To validate the findings, participant review and peer debriefing were employed. Results and Discussion: Out of a total of 384 codes extracted from the interviews, 117 codes related to individual–interpersonal competencies (including personal traits, abilities, and interpersonal skills), 191 codes to intra-university competencies (planning and implementation, policymaking, organization, and supervision), and 76 codes to extra-university competencies (national and international levels). Based on these findings, a tripartite model of key competencies, individual–interpersonal, intra-university, and extra-university, was developed for change leadership among higher education managers in Iran. The findings showed that individual–interpersonal competencies form the foundation of effective change leadership in Iranian universities. These competencies enable leaders to build trust, reduce resistance, and foster constructive communication within the bureaucratic and politicized higher education environment. As Khalili et al. (2020) observed, higher education leaders require emotional insight and a future-oriented mindset to navigate environmental changes [26]. However, within Iran’s institutional and cultural context, achieving these qualities faces major challenges, particularly the tension between top-down control and the need for creativity and initiative to drive change [26]. This conflict often leads university leaders to act as adaptive rather than transformative figures, perceiving change as a threat to stability. Politicization has fostered excessive caution, self-censorship, and managerial conservatism, reducing risk-taking and weakening transformative decision-making [29]. Therefore, developing change leadership in Iranian higher education requires redefining the leader’s role, from a reactive administrator to an agent of learning and cultural transformation who fosters change acceptance through self-awareness, transparent communication, and empathy [30]. Intra-university competencies, encompassing planning and implementation, policy-making, organization, and supervision, reflect leaders’ abilities to align the university’s mission, culture, and structure with change objectives. Findings indicated that Iranian leaders often face tension between academic missions and political pressures [24], resulting in adaptive management driven by external demands rather than internal innovation. As Baghi Maraghi et al. (2020) emphasized, Iran’s higher education structures are centralized and control-oriented, leaving little room for transformational leadership [31]. Effective change leadership thus requires balancing scientific logic, policy mandates, and stakeholder expectations through systems thinking, participatory planning, and transformation-oriented supervision [37]. Change leadership should move beyond hierarchical control toward network-based dialogue and collective learning, achievable only by strengthening intra-university competencies and rebuilding trust within academic culture [33]. Extra-university competencies concern leaders’ abilities to engage with external stakeholders, including industry, government, society, and international organizations. These include scientific diplomacy, networking, reputation management, and global awareness. In Iran, this area has been largely neglected, with university–society ties remaining formal and episodic [25]. Effective change leadership requires boundary-spanning leaders capable of repositioning universities within national and global ecosystems through strategic networking and global trend analysis (Nazarzadeh Zare & Ghoraishi Khorasgani, 2022; Shirzad et al. 2022). Yet policy constraints and weak institutional autonomy limit such engagement, restricting international opportunities and hindering universities from addressing societal challenges [24]. Conclusion: The integration of the three competency levels indicates that change leadership in Iranian higher education is a multilayered, context-dependent phenomenon whose success relies simultaneously on individual capabilities, institutional capacity, and external interactions. The proposed model establishes a contextualized framework for participatory change leadership aligned with Iran’s cultural, administrative, and policy conditions. To overcome traditional and politicized management practices, Iran’s higher education system must reform its criteria for leader selection, evaluation, and promotion. The identified competencies can guide the design of competency-based leadership assessment systems, succession planning, and transparent decision-making. Sustainable transformation in Iranian universities will occur only when these three dimensions of leadership competency development are institutionalized, not merely at the individual level but also across the structural and policy layers of the higher education system. آموزش عالی در مواجهه با تحولات جهانی ناگزیر از دگرگونی‌های ساختاری و تحول‌آفرین است. تحقق این تغییرات مستلزم حضور رهبرانی است که با برخورداری از صلاحیت‌های کلیدی رهبری تغییر، بتوانند فرآیند تغییر را با موفقیت اجرا و تثبیت نمایند. ازاین‌رو، پژوهش حاضر باهدف طراحی الگوی صلاحیت‌های رهبری تغییر برای مدیران آموزش عالی ایران با رویکرد کیفی و به روش پدیدارشناسی انجام شد. جامعه پژوهش مدیران آموزش عالی بودند که به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند با 18 نفر مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختارمند انجام شد. داده‌های پژوهش به روش تحلیل مضمون مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. برای اعتباربخشی یافته‌‌ها از دو روش بازبینی توسط مشارکت‌کنندگان و بازبینی توسط همکاران استفاده شد. بر اساس یافته‌ها، از مجموع 384 کد مستخرج از مصاحبه‌ها، 3 مضمون فراگیر و 8 مضمون سازمان دهنده استخراج شد. مضامین شامل؛ صلاحیت‌های فردی - بین فردی رهبری تغییر شامل (ویژگی‌های فردی - شخصیتی و توانایی و مهارت‌های فردی)، صلاحیت‌های درون دانشگاهی شامل (برنامه‌ریزی و اجرا، سیاست‌گذاری، سازمان‌دهی و نظارت) و صلاحیت‌های برون‌دانشگاهی شامل (صلاحیت‌های رهبری تغییر در سطوح ملی و بین‌المللی)، بوده است. پژوهش حاضر با دسته‌بندی دقیق صلاحیت‌ها در سه حوزه اصلی فردی-بین‌فردی، درون‌دانشگاهی و برون‌دانشگاهی، الگوی سه‌بعدی رهبری تغییر را برای مدیران آموزش عالی ایران ارائه داده است. صلاحیت‌های شناسایی‌شده مبنایی برای طراحی نظام ارزیابی شایستگی رهبران، اصلاح فرآیند جانشین‌پروری و ارتقاء شفافیت تصمیم‌گیری در آموزش عالی است. به نظر می‎‌رسد، رهبری تغییر در دانشگاه‌های ایران، زمانی می‌تواند به تحول واقعی منجر شود که توسعه‌ صلاحیت‌های سه‌گانه، نه‌فقط در سطح فردی بلکه در سطح ساختار و سیاست‌گذاری نظام آموزش عالی نهادینه شود.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Designing an interpretive structural model of sustainable value propositions based on smart technologies in the insurance industry طراحی مدل ساختاری تفسیری ارزش پیشنهادی پایدار مبتنی بر فناوری های هوشمند در صنعت بیمه 247164 10.22034/smsj.2026.552959.2225 FA سنا مصلی دانشجوی دکتر مدیریت بازرگانی گروه مدیریت دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصاد دانشگاه الزهرا تهران ایران معصومه حسین زاده شهری گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی واقتصاد دانشگاه الزهراء تهران. ایران ندا عبدالوند گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی واقتصاد دانشگاه الزهراء تهران ایران Journal Article 2025 10 18 Introduction In today’s business environment, two transformative and overarching megatrends are simultaneously reshaping the competitive landscape and influencing the future of industries: first, the advent of smart technologies embedded in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0), and second, the growing pressure from stakeholders and policymakers to achieve sustainable development across economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Industry 4.0 technologies—such as the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), big data, machine learning (ML), virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR), and digital platforms—have created new novel foundations in business models. These technologies facilitate automation, enhance decision-making accuracy, optimize resource use, and enable personalized customer experiences, thereby paving the way for the reinvention of traditional business models. At the same time, the concept of sustainability has become one of the fundamental organizational imperatives for the organizational performance. Global crises such as climate change, resource depletion, social inequalities, and growing expectations for corporate accountability have led stakeholders, regulators, and even customers to demand greater responsiveness from organizations. This shift has compelled companies embedding sustainability as a core guiding principle. In this context, a deeper understanding of Industry 4.0 technologies and their intersection with sustainability is a priority, and the emergence of innovative business models is inevitable. These new models go beyond economic profitability to align with social and environmental objectives which allow organizations to create competitive advantage in the market, respond to societal demands, foster public trust, and ultimately build sustainable competitive advantages. In recent years, the concept of sustainability has gained increasing attention in Iran’s business ecosystem too. This is evidenced by the ratification and enforcement of the “Corporate Governance Guidelines for Listed Companies” by the Securities and Exchange Organization of Iran in 2022. This guideline aimed at protecting investors’ rights, preventing misconduct, and fostering a transparent and fair market, makes repeated references to sustainability principles and provides mandatory guidelines for organizations to uphold stakeholder rights and encourage active collaboration to promote sustainable practices. Methodology Given the growing body of literature on sustainability, the increasing expectations of stakeholders for organizations to integrate sustainable values into their business models, and the legal obligations at both global and national levels—such as the aforementioned corporate governance directive—combined with the transformative impact of smart technologies, there is a clear need for an in-depth investigation into how organizations can incorporate sustainable values into their business models. Accordingly, the primary aim of this study is to identify and develop a comprehensive framework for sustainable value propositions grounded in smart technologies. In the first phase of this study, the seven-step meta-synthesis model proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso was used. Meta-synthesis is a qualitative method that systematically reviews existing literature and uses the findings of prior qualitative studies on a specific topic as its data. In essence, it provides a distilled, systematic, and scholarly synthesis of existing research in a particular domain. In the first step, the research questions were formulated, followed by a structured and systematic literature review on the Web-of-Science database. Keywords such as “Digital Technology”, “Sustainability”, “Sustainable Value Proposition”, “business Model” and “Industry 4.0” were used. From an initial pool of 328 articles, 55 were selected based on their titles, abstracts, and content relevance for in-depth content analysis. Subsequently, components and indicators related to sustainable value propositions from a technology-driven perspective were extracted, coded, and categorized. To enhance the validity of the findings, expert opinions from academic and industry professionals were incorporated. The relationships between the identified components were then analyzed across multiple levels. In the second phase, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was employed and structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM), reachability matrix, final reachability matrix were developed, along with level partition matrices. These matrices facilitated a multi-level analysis of the interrelationships between the components and led to the construction of a conceptual model for fostering sustainable value propositions in the insurance sector. Findings The analysis of the literature resulted in the extraction of 78 sustainable value propositions derived from the use of smart technologies. After expert review, 12 propositions were excluded. validated values represent an integration of economic benefits with social and environmental aspects in the structure of modern business models in the insurance industry. Based on thematic similarities, the propositions were grouped into nine main categories including: Digitally Data Collection, Agility, Automation, Digital Culture, Corporate Sustainability, Digital Marketing, Innovation and Co-Value Creation, Health and Well-being, Economic Prosperity. Following this, the ISM method was employed to classify the research criteria into hierarchical levels based on their driving and dependence power. The conceptual model as the output of second phase consists of four hierarchical levels. Level 4, represented by the criterion of Automation, is identified as the most influential level. It directly affects three level-3 criteria: Agility, Digital Marketing, and Innovation & Co-Value creation. The four criteria located at level 1—namely, Digital Tracking, Digital Culture, Health and Well-being, and Economic Prosperity —are the most influenced and dependent elements within the model. Conclusion In a rapidly evolving global marketplace, reliance on traditional business models and value propositions centered exclusively on customer benefits is no longer a viable approach. Integrating smart technologies with sustainability approaches has become a strategic necessity—especially in the financial and insurance sectors which operate at the intersection of risk management and long-term value creation. Organizations that design business models centered around multidimensional, sustainability-aligned values are more likely to achieve long-term competitive advantage, enhance stakeholder trust, and deliver superior performance across financial and non-financial metrics. This study proposes a practical framework designed to support more targeted technological investments and strategic realignment within the insurance industry. The framework also addresses the growing complexity of aligning business operations with global sustainability standards. Embracing sustainable business models alongside technological innovation not only serves as a response to regulatory requirements but also enriches the process of digital transformation by integrating human, social, and environmental dimensions into the future architecture of the insurance industry. This integration ensures not only compliance, but also long-term organizational resilience and relevance in an increasingly conscious global economy. دو کلان روند کلیدی و تحول آفرین در حال دگرگونی فضای رقابت هستند: نخست، ظهور فناوری‌های هوشمند در چارچوب انقلاب صنعتی چهارم (صنعت ۴.۰) مانند اینترنت اشیا، بلاک‌چین، هوش مصنوعی، کلان‌داده، یادگیری ماشینی؛ و دوم، افزایش فشارهای ذینفعان و سیاستگذاران برای دستیابی به توسعه پایدار. در چنین زمینه‌ای، ایجاد مدل‌های کسب‌وکار که در آن ها ارزش پیشنهادی تنها محدود به سودآوری اقتصادی نیست، بلکه با اهداف اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی نیز هم‌راستا می‌شود، اجتناب ناپذیر است. بر همین اساس هدف اصلی این پژوهش، شناسایی و تدوین چارچوبی مفهومی برای طراحی ارزش‌های پیشنهادی پایدارمبتنی بر فناوری‌های هوشمند در صنعت بیمه است. در این پژوهش، .در مرحله اول از الگوی هفت مرحله‌ای فراترکیب سندلوسکی و بارسو که یک روش کیفی است استفاده گردید. در اولین گام پرسش های پژوهش تنظیم و یک مرور ادبیات سیستماتیک در پایگاه داده Web of Science انجام شد. از مجموع اولیه ۳۲۸ مقاله، ۵۵ مقاله بر اساس عناوین، چکیده‌ها و ارتباط محتوایی آنها برای تحلیل عمیق محتوا انتخاب شدند. سپس، مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌های مرتبط با ارزش پیشنهادی پایدار با رویکرد فناوری‌محور استخراج، کدگذاری، و طبقه‌بندی شدند. تعداد 78 نوع ارزش پیشنهادی پایدار استخراج شد که پس از اخذ نظر خبرگان 66 ارزش پیشنهادی پایدار باقی ماند. در ادامه، با بهره‌گیری از روش مدل‌سازی ساختاری-تفسیری(ISM)، ماتریس های ساختاری خودتعاملی، دستیابی اولیه، دستیابی اولیه سازگار تشکیل و ارتباط میان مؤلفه‌ها در چند سطح تحلیل شد و مدل مفهومی نحوه ایجاد و تقویت ارزش پیشنهادی پایدار در صنعت بیمه طراحی گردید.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Antecedents and Consequences Model of Merit-phobia in the Workplace: A Qualitative Study الگوی پیشایندی و پسایندی شایسته هراسی درمحیط کار: یک پژوهش کیفی 247166 10.22034/smsj.2026.554430.2226 FA هادی تیموری گروه مدیریت؛ دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد؛ دانشگاه اصفهان نگین صالحی کارشناس ارشد مدیریت کارآفرینی؛ گروه مدیریت؛ دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد؛ دانشگاه اصفهان؛ اصفهان؛ ایران 0009-0002-0850-2796 Journal Article 2025 10 20 Introduction Organizations rely heavily on human capital to improve performance and maintain their competitive advantage. Therefore, human capital management is essential; meaning that the right people must be placed in the right positions to achieve organizational goals. Achieving this goal requires establishing a merit-based selection system in the organization. In meritocratic systems, hiring and promotion are based on merit; whereas in organizations where political relations prevail, appointments are made by influential people based on their expediency. Merit-phobia is an abnormal and purposeful fear and concern about the realization of meritocratic selection. In fact, Merit-phobia is the hidden and unspoken resistance of individuals or groups who see their position and interests in the organization as being threatened by a potentially more competent individual or group who may jeopardize their position at any moment, making the organization susceptible to the Merit-phobia condition. Given the destructive and harmful effects that the phenomenon of Merit-phobia has on organizations, today the issue of Merit-phobia has received more attention than in the past; the direct and indirect impact of Merit-phobia on the fundamental components of organizational activities has led to increased attention to issues related to this issue. Methodology The present study is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in nature. In this study, thematic analysis approach was used to identify the antecedents and consequences of Merit-phobia in the workplace. The field of the present study was the managers and directors of Baspar Shimi Sepidan Company in Isfahan Province and academic experts, and purposive (theoretical) sampling method was used. If the purpose of the interview is to explore and describe the opinions and attitudes of the participants, depending on the time and resources available, 10 to 25 participants can be used to conduct the interview. In this study, interviews were conducted with 14 academic and executive experts, who were selected using the snowball technique. In this study, 14 academic and executive experts were interviewed, who were selected using the snowball technique. The interview process was conducted between the winter of 1403 and the spring of 1404. Individual semi-structured interviews were used to collect the required data, and each interview lasted between 40 and 60 minutes. During the interview process, questions were asked in two main dimensions, and in order to preserve all data, the interviews were recorded after ensuring the confidentiality of the discussions and obtaining their consent. In order to determine the number of participants, the theoretical saturation rule of data was taken into account; in this way, the interviews continued until they contained repetitive data and conducting new interviews did not provide the researcher with new data. In this process, theoretical saturation was achieved after 12 interviews; however, for greater certainty, the interview process continued and a total of 14 people were interviewed. Conclusion The main achievement of this research, titled determining the antecedents and consequences of Merit-phobia in the Workplace, addresses this central question: What are the antecedents and consequences of Merit-phobia in the workplace? The results of this research indicate that the antecedents of the concept of Merit-phobia in the workplace can be categorized into three categories: individual, organizational, and environmental. Discussion The results of this study indicate that the antecedents of Merit-phobia can be examined at three levels: individual, organizational, and environmental. Individual antecedents include low self-confidence and self-esteem of managers; fear of losing position; perfectionism of managers; previous negative experiences of managers, and a scarcity mentality (win-lose) of managers. Organizational antecedents include high concentration of power, reduced risk-taking of managers, Lack of meritocracy; closed space and lack of knowledge; lack of visibility of lower levels; relationships instead of criteria; unhealthy competition; deficiencies in performance evaluation; unrealistic expectations of the organization; bus management; ineffective reward system; ineffective management and leadership style; destructive organizational culture and atmosphere; non-professional factors in promotion; organizational culture is based on hierarchy and conservative organizational culture. Environmental antecedents include a high-pressure competitive environment and culture; gender and racial differences; a society with a Merit-phobia climate; and a perfectionist family culture. The consequences of Merit-phobia can also be examined at three levels: individual; organizational; and environmental. Individual consequences include decreased job enthusiasm; Reluctance to share knowledge; increased frustration; increased burnout; decreased performance efficiency; increased distrust in the organization and jeopardizing physical and mental health. Organizational consequences include decreased organizational belonging; decreased organizational citizenship behavior; increased turnover; lack of organizational progress; increased organizational silence; decreased organizational productivity; decreased innovation and creativity; decreased organizational agility; increased organizational indifference; deviant behavior in the workplace; increased self-censorship; loss of transformational leadership style; creation of toxic forces in the organization; creation of unhealthy culture and relationships; loss of training costs; decreased organizational profits; weakening of feedback culture; decreased competitive advantage and increased organizational tension. Environmental consequences also include elite flight, a sense of not belonging to society, erosion of social capital, and a decrease in the attractiveness of the employer brand. پژوهش حاضر با هدف طراحی الگوی پیشایندها و پسایندهای شایسته هراسی در محیط کار انجام شده است. با توجه به اهمیت روزافزون شناخت عوامل مؤثر بر شایسته هراسی و پیامدهای آن به‌عنوان یکی از چالش‌های تأثیرگذار بر سلامت روانی و عملکرد کارکنان و نیز نبود مطالعات جامع و یکپارچه در این حوزه، پژوهش حاضر به بررسی پدیده مذکور پرداخته است. این پژوهش کیفی از نوع تحلیل تم و از نظر هدف کاربردی بوده و به‌منظور جمع‌آوری داده‌ها، از مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته استفاده شده است. نمونه‌گیری به روش هدفمند قضاوتی صورت گرفته و در مجموع 14 نفر (10 نفر از مدیران و روسا شرکت بسپارشیمی سپیدان شهر اصفهان و 4 نفر از خبرگان دانشگاهی) به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده از مصاحبه‌ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل تم مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. برای بررسی روایی پژوهش، از روش سندلوسکی و باروسو استفاده شده و پایایی آن نیز با استفاده از روش پایایی بازآزمون تأیید شده است. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که پیشایندها و پسایندهای شایسته هراسی در محیط کار در سه سطح فردی، سازمانی و محیطی قابل طبقه بندی می‌باشد.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Identifying and prioritizing the antecedents and consequences of managers' cognitive flexibility in order to improve decision effectiveness (Case study: Tehran metropolitan service organizations) شناسایی و الویت بندی پیشایندها و پسایندهای انعطاف پذیری شناختی مدیران در راستای ارتقا اثربخشی تصمیمات (مطالعه موردی: سازمان های خدماتی کلانشهر تهران) 254018 10.22034/smsj.2026.555311.2229 FA محسن صفردخت دانشجو دکتری مدیریت دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد رودهن فتاح ناظم دانشیار گروه مدیریت آموزشی دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد رودهن (نویسنده مسئول) ,, رشید ذوالفقاری دانشیار گروه مدیریت آموزشی دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد رودهن ,, Journal Article 2025 10 24 In today's business world, with intense competition and constant changes in the workplace, managers face complex challenges. They must make strategic decisions that not only affect the current performance of the organization, but also shape its future. In this context, the concept of cognitive flexibility has been proposed as a key skill in managerial and organizational success. Cognitive flexibility is the ability of an individual to adapt their thinking to changing conditions and understand different concepts simultaneously. This skill plays an important role in various fields such as learning, language, analytical skills, communication, and leadership. People who have high cognitive flexibility can easily switch between different ideas and perspectives, which allows them to provide creative and effective solutions in different situations. Cognitive flexibility is defined as the ability of an individual to change mental states and consider multiple concepts simultaneously in the fields of learning, language development, mathematical skills, interpersonal communication, self-efficacy, communication, self-confidence, multitasking, decision-making, leadership, problem-solving ability, creativity, and willingness to cooperate. People who are cognitively flexible are more responsible in social interactions than those who are less cognitively flexible. Therefore, employees who have cognitive flexibility are expected to have a greater willingness and ability to accept job changes and even possible failure. Studies have shown that after experiencing a successful solution to a series of problems, people continue to use the same solution, even when there are simpler solutions to solve new problems. People who have the ability to reconsider the solutions they have known so far are known to be cognitively flexible and usually use inductive reasoning and do not consider themselves limited to a particular thought or solution and are more creative in producing solutions.The application of cognitive flexibility can lead to the formation of innovative ideas and alternatives that increase the quality of decision-making. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of its typology, it is among the mixed researches with a qualitative and quantitative approach in the inductive-deductive paradigm. The statistical population of the quantitative part is senior managers of service organizations in the Tehran metropolitan area. In the qualitative part, qualitative data obtained from interviews were used using the 2020 MaxQda software and the coding method, and the quantitative part of the research and final analysis were carried out using the fuzzy Delphi method. Using qualitative data obtained from exploratory interviews, the antecedents and consequences of managers' cognitive flexibility were identified in the form of 28 factors and then, by extracting these factors, they were ranked through quantitative research. The results of the study showed that cognitive skills, self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence are the most important antecedents of managers' cognitive flexibility. Among the consequences of managers' cognitive flexibility, improving the quality of decisions, strategic alignment, organizational agility, and resilient organizational culture are the most important consequences of managers' cognitive flexibility.The results of the study showed that cognitive skills, self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence are the most important antecedents of managers' cognitive flexibility. Among the consequences of managers' cognitive flexibility, improving the quality of decisions, strategic alignment, organizational agility, and resilient organizational culture are the most important consequences of managers' cognitive flexibility. The results of the antecedents of managers' cognitive flexibility are consistent with Singh's (2025) research. The results of the consequences of managers' cognitive flexibility are also consistent with the research of September et al. (2021). کاربست انعطاف پذیری شناختی می‌تواند منجر به شکل گیری ایده‌ها و جایگزین‌های نوآورانه شود که کیفیت تصمیم‌گیری را افزایش می دهد. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از لحاظ نوع شناسی پژوهش در زمره پژوهشهای آمیخته با رویکرد کیفی و کمی در پارادایم استقرایی- قیاسی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش در بخش کیفی خبرگان سازمانی و دانشگاهی مدیریت رفتار سازمانی و روانشناسی است که با توجه به هدف پژوهش، نمونه گیری در این پژوهش به صورت هدفمند و به تعداد 19 نفر انجام شد. جامعه آماری بخش کمی مدیران ارشد سازمان های خدماتی تهران می باشند. داده های کیفی بدست آمده از مصاحبه ها با استفاده از نرم افزار 2020MaxQda و روش کدگذاری و بخش کمی پژوهش و تحلیل نهایی با استفاده از روش دلفی فازی انجام شد. پیشایندها و پسایند های انعطاف پذیری شناختی مدیران در قالب 28 عامل مشخص سپس با استخراج این عوامل، از طریق پژوهش کمیّ رتبه بندی شدند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد مهارت های شناختی، خودکارآمدی و هوش هیجانی مهمترین پیشایندهای انعطاف پذیری شناختی مدیران می باشند. از بین پسایندهای انعطاف پذیری شناختی مدیران نیز بهبود کیفیت تصمیمات، همسویی استراتژیک، چابکی سازمانی و فرهنگ سازمانی تاب‌آور مهمترین پسایندهای انعطاف پذیری شناختی مدیران می باشند.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Designing a Business Readiness Assessment Model (Case Study: West Azerbaijan Province) طراحی الگوی سنجش آمادگی فضای کسب و کار (مطالعه موردی: استان آذربایجان غربی) 254019 10.22034/smsj.2026.558591.2234 FA وحید حاجی لو استادیار گروه پژوهشی مدیریت کسب و کار جهاد دانشگاهی استان آذربایجان غربی حبیب ولی زاده استادیار و عضو هیئت علمی گروه پژوهشی مدیریت کسب و کار جهاد دانشگاهی استان آذربایجان غربی ولی عاقلی استادیار و عضو هیئت علمی گروه پژوهشی مدیریت کسب و کار جهاد دانشگاهی استان آذربایجان غربی Journal Article 2025 11 09 این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی میزان آمادگی فضای کسب‌وکار در استان آذربایجان غربی و شناسایی مؤلفه‌های اصلی مؤثر بر آن به‌صورت جامع و نظام‌مند انجام گرفته است. با توجه به اهمیت روزافزون محیط کسب‌وکار در رشد اقتصادی، جذب سرمایه‌گذاری و ارتقای رقابت‌پذیری منطقه‌ای، پژوهش حاضر تلاش دارد تا با تلفیق رویکردهای کیفی و کمی، تصویری دقیق و چندوجهی از وضعیت موجود و مسیرهای بهبود آن در استان ارائه دهد. در بخش کیفی پژوهش، با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون و انجام مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با ۲۲ نفر از خبرگان حوزه‌های اقتصاد، مدیریت، سیاست‌گذاری عمومی و توسعه منطقه‌ای، داده‌های اولیه گردآوری شد. این خبرگان شامل مدیران ارشد استانی، اساتید دانشگاه، فعالان اقتصادی و کارشناسان دستگاه‌های اجرایی بودند که به‌صورت هدفمند و بر اساس معیار اشباع نظری انتخاب شدند. داده‌های حاصل از مصاحبه‌ها از طریق کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت تا مضامین کلیدی و روابط میان آن‌ها استخراج شود. نتیجه تحلیل داده‌های کیفی، شناسایی پنج مؤلفه اصلی اثرگذار بر آمادگی فضای کسب‌وکار در استان بود: ساختار نهادی و حکمرانی – شامل شفافیت مقررات، ثبات تصمیم‌گیری، پاسخگویی نهادی، و میزان تعامل میان بخش دولتی و خصوصی. زیرساخت‌های توسعه‌ای – دربرگیرنده شاخص‌هایی مانند دسترسی به حمل‌ونقل، انرژی، فناوری اطلاعات و زیرساخت‌های صنعتی. محیط اقتصادی و سرمایه‌گذاری – مرتبط با ثبات اقتصاد کلان، نظام مالیاتی، سیاست‌های اعتباری و تسهیلات بانکی. ظرفیت‌های منطقه‌ای و تجاری – شامل مزیت‌های نسبی استان در تولید، تجارت مرزی، دسترسی به بازارهای بین‌المللی و نقش شبکه‌های توزیع. منابع انسانی و اجتماعی – ناظر بر سرمایه انسانی، سطح آموزش و مهارت نیروی کار، اعتماد اجتماعی و روحیه کارآفرینی در استان. برای اعتباربخشی به یافته‌های کیفی، تحلیل‌ها توسط دو پژوهشگر مستقل بازبینی و با روش مقایسه‌ای و اجماع نهایی تأیید شد تا قابلیت اعتماد و روایی مضامین افزایش یابد. در بخش کمی پژوهش، مدل مفهومی حاصل از مرحله کیفی به‌وسیله پرسشنامه‌ای محقق‌ساخته در جامعه آماری شامل ۳۹۲ نفر از فعالان اقتصادی استان آذربایجان غربی مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. روایی محتوا از طریق نظرات خبرگان و پایایی ابزار با محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ و پایایی ترکیبی تأیید گردید. داده‌های گردآوری‌شده با روش مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Smart PLS تحلیل شدند. نتایج تحلیل کمی نشان داد که همه مؤلفه‌های شناسایی‌شده تأثیر معناداری بر آمادگی فضای کسب‌وکار دارند، اما مؤلفه محیط اقتصادی و سرمایه‌گذاری با ضریب مسیر ۰.۹۳۹ بیشترین اثر را بر آمادگی فضای کسب‌وکار استان دارد. پس از آن، ساختار نهادی و حکمرانی، زیرساخت‌های توسعه‌ای، ظرفیت‌های منطقه‌ای و تجاری و منابع انسانی و اجتماعی نیز به‌ترتیب با ضرایب بین ۰.۸۵ تا ۰.۹۲ نقش‌های کلیدی و مکمل ایفا می‌کنند. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که تقویت بسترهای اقتصادی و نهادی، مهم‌ترین گام برای ارتقای آمادگی فضای کسب‌وکار در استان محسوب می‌شود. بر اساس تلفیق نتایج کیفی و کمی، پژوهش حاضر چارچوبی بومی‌سازی‌شده برای سنجش و ارتقای آمادگی فضای کسب‌وکار در استان آذربایجان غربی ارائه می‌دهد. این چارچوب علاوه بر تبیین روابط میان مؤلفه‌های نهادی، اقتصادی و انسانی، می‌تواند در سیاست‌گذاری توسعه‌ای و برنامه‌ریزی استراتژیک استان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. دستاورد اصلی پژوهش آن است که آمادگی فضای کسب‌وکار در یک منطقه، حاصل تعامل هم‌زمان عوامل ساختاری، نهادی، زیرساختی و انسانی است و تقویت تنها یکی از آن‌ها بدون اصلاح سایر حوزه‌ها، تأثیر پایداری نخواهد داشت. به‌ویژه در مناطق مرزی مانند آذربایجان غربی، نقش ظرفیت‌های تجاری و زیرساختی در پیوند با سیاست‌های اقتصادی و حکمرانی کارآمد از اهمیت دوچندان برخوردار است. از منظر کاربردی، یافته‌ها پیشنهاد می‌کنند که نهادهای تصمیم‌گیر در سطح استانی و ملی باید بر چهار محور کلیدی متمرکز شوند: اصلاح و بهبود نظام حکمرانی اقتصادی با تأکید بر شفافیت، پاسخگویی و کاهش مداخلات غیرضروری در فرآیندهای کسب‌وکار؛ سرمایه‌گذاری در زیرساخت‌های فیزیکی و فناورانه برای افزایش کارایی تولید و دسترسی به بازارهای داخلی و خارجی؛ توانمندسازی منابع انسانی و تقویت مهارت‌های کارآفرینی از طریق آموزش‌های تخصصی و حمایت از نوآوری‌های محلی؛ ایجاد سازوکارهای حمایتی برای جذب سرمایه و کاهش ریسک‌های محیطی با اصلاح نظام مالیاتی، اعتباری و بیمه‌ای. به‌طور کلی، این پژوهش با رویکردی تلفیقی و تحلیلی، تصویری جامع از وضعیت آمادگی فضای کسب‌وکار در آذربایجان غربی ترسیم کرده و با ارائه مدلی علمی و کاربردی، مسیر بهبود و توسعه پایدار اقتصادی در این منطقه را روشن ساخته است. نتایج آن می‌تواند به‌عنوان مبنایی برای تدوین سیاست‌های توسعه منطقه‌ای، برنامه‌ریزی صنعتی و ارتقای جایگاه استان در شاخص‌های ملی فضای کسب‌وکار مورد استفاده مدیران، تصمیم‌سازان و پژوهشگران قرار گیرد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی و سنجش آمادگی فضای کسب‌وکار در استان آذربایجان غربی و شناسایی ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های تأثیرگذار بر آن به صورت جامع و نظام‌مند انجام شد. روش تحقیق تلفیقی کیفی و کمی طراحی گردید؛ در بخش کیفی، با بهره‌گیری از تحلیل مضمون و مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با ۲۲ نفر از خبرگان حوزه‌های اقتصاد، مدیریت و سیاست‌گذاری استان، پنج مؤلفه اصلی شامل ساختار نهادی و حکمرانی، زیرساخت‌های توسعه‌ای، محیط اقتصادی و سرمایه‌گذاری، ظرفیت‌های منطقه‌ای و تجاری، و منابع انسانی و اجتماعی شناسایی و مدل‌سازی شد. داده‌ها با کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی تحلیل و برای افزایش اعتبار توسط دو پژوهشگر مستقل بازبینی گردید. در بخش کمی، مدل مفهومی استخراج‌شده از تحلیل کیفی از طریق پرسشنامه‌ای محقق‌ساخته در جامعه آماری ۳۹۲ فعال اقتصادی استان مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. در این بخش روابط بین مؤلفه‌ها با استفاده از معادلات ساختاری و نرم‌افزار Smart PLS تحلیل شد که نتایج نشان داد مؤلفه «محیط اقتصادی و سرمایه‌گذاری» با ضریب مسیر ۰.۹۳۹ بیشترین تأثیر را بر آمادگی فضای کسب‌وکار دارد و سایر مؤلفه‌ها نیز با ضرایب ۰.۸۵ تا ۰.۹۲ نقش‌های کلیدی ایفا می‌کنند. این مطالعه با ترکیب داده‌های کیفی و کمی معتبر و تحلیل‌های چندبعدی، چارچوبی بومی‌سازی‌شده و قابل اتکا برای سیاست‌گذاری و توسعه فضای کسب‌وکار در استان آذربایجان غربی فراهم کرده است. توجه به تقویت زیرساخت‌ها، بهبود حکمرانی، توانمندسازی منابع انسانی و رفع موانع نهادی و فرهنگی، راهبردهای کلیدی در مسیر افزایش آمادگی و توسعه پایدار کسب‌وکار در این منطقه محسوب می‌شوند.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Understanding the Phenomenon of Strategic Transparency: A Study of Banks in Ilam Province درک پدیده شفافیت استراتژیک:مطالعه ای در بانکهای استان ایلام 254020 10.22034/smsj.2026.560370.2240 FA اسفندیار محمدی دانشیار گروه مدیریت دانشگاه ایلام ایلام ایران 0000-0002-2653-6415 هانیا یاسمی دانشگاه ایلام 0009-0004-8019-0701 Journal Article 2025 11 17 Introduction: Strategic transparency has become a central component of organizational governance, particularly in sectors where stakeholder trust and institutional accountability are essential for long-term stability. In Iran’s banking system, transparency is not merely a reporting requirement but a strategic practice that shapes organizational identity, public perception, and regulatory compliance. Its significance increases in regions with fragile institutional environments and historically low levels of public trust. Ilam Province is one such region, where banks—especially private and semi-private institutions—operate under cultural expectations, limited institutional infrastructure, and social complexities. Despite increasing academic focus on transparency, most studies address national-level regulations rather than examining how transparency is constructed and practiced within such challenging regional contexts. This study fills this gap by exploring the dimensions, mechanisms, and contextual conditions that shape strategic transparency in the banking institutions of Ilam Province, aiming to develop a localized conceptual model that reflects the province’s institutional realities. Methodology: This study used a qualitative design based on the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Grounded theory is appropriate for examining complex social processes in contexts where theoretical development is limited. Data were collected through 25 semi-structured interviews with managers, supervisors, and expert staff of private and semi-private banks in Ilam Province. Participants were selected based on their experience with decision-making, information disclosure, stakeholder interaction, and governance processes. Interviews focused on perceptions of transparency, organizational strategies, challenges, and environmental influences. The data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. Open coding identified initial concepts; axial coding grouped these concepts into categories by identifying relationships; and selective coding integrated the categories into a coherent theoretical framework around the core concept of strategic transparency. Constant comparison, memo-writing, and iterative refinement ensured conceptual accuracy, and credibility was reinforced through member checking and peer review. Results and Discussion: Findings indicate that strategic transparency in Ilam’s banking sector can be explained through three interrelated dimensions: informational, procedural, and relational transparency. Informational transparency refers to the clarity and relevance of data disclosed to stakeholders; participants emphasized that strategic value emerges when information is selectively organized and communicated to reduce ambiguity and build confidence. Procedural transparency concerns openness in internal processes and decision-making pathways. In low-trust contexts, this dimension reduces perceptions of bias or inconsistency and strengthens perceptions of fairness. Relational transparency focuses on authenticity, consistency, and honesty in interactions with stakeholders. In a region where interpersonal trust strongly shapes institutional trust, relational behaviors—such as respectful communication and reliability—form the foundation for how stakeholders judge the credibility of banks. A major theoretical contribution of this study is the concept of “gradual transparency.” Banks in Ilam adopt a staged, incremental approach to transparency rather than abruptly moving toward full disclosure. This adaptive strategy allows banks to expand the depth of their disclosures in alignment with organizational readiness, institutional maturity, and evolving stakeholder expectations. Gradual transparency enables banks to build trust progressively, strengthen internal systems, and minimize risks associated with premature or excessive disclosure. The final model shows that gradual transparency positively influences three critical outcomes: stakeholder trust, strategic coherence, and social legitimacy. By framing transparency as a dynamic, evolving process shaped by institutional and cultural conditions, the study expands current theoretical understandings. Conclusion: This research provides a context-sensitive, empirically grounded model of strategic transparency tailored to the unique institutional environment of Ilam Province. The identification of three key dimensions—informational, procedural, and relational transparency—along with the introduction of the concept of gradual transparency, contributes both theoretically and practically to the transparency literature. The findings offer a useful framework for banking policymakers, regulators, and managers seeking to implement realistic and culturally aligned transparency practices in low-trust settings. Future research could apply this model to other regions or sectors to compare how institutional environments shape the nature and evolution of transparency practices. در نظام بانکی ایران، شفافیت استراتژیک به‌عنوان یکی از مؤلفه‌های کلیدی اعتمادسازی و ارتقای عملکرد سازمانی شناخته می‌شود. هدف این پژوهش، تبیین ابعاد و سازوکارهای شکل‌گیری شفافیت استراتژیک در بانک‌های خصوصی و خصولتی استان ایلام و ارائه مدلی بومی مبتنی بر شرایط نهادی این منطقه است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع کیفی و مبتنی بر رویکرد نظریه داده‌بنیاد اشتراوس و کوربین (۱۹۹۸) است. داده‌ها از طریق ۲۵ مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته با مدیران و کارشناسان بانکی گردآوری و با روش کدگذاری سه‌مرحله‌ای تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد شفافیت استراتژیک در سه بُعد اطلاعاتی، فرآیندی و رابطه‌ای قابل تبیین است و مفهوم «شفافیت تدریجی» به‌عنوان راهبردی انطباقی در محیط‌های کم‌اعتماد ظهور می‌یابد. این مفهوم بیانگر آن است که بانک‌ها می‌توانند سطح افشای اطلاعات را متناسب با بلوغ نهادی خود به‌صورت مرحله‌ای افزایش دهند. مدل نهایی پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که شفافیت تدریجی با ارتقای اعتماد ذی‌نفعان، انسجام استراتژیک و مشروعیت اجتماعی بانک‌ها ارتباط مثبت دارد. این یافته‌ها ضمن پر کردن شکاف نظری در ادبیات شفافیت سازمانی، چارچوبی بومی برای سیاست‌گذاران بانکی در مناطق کم‌اعتماد ارائه می‌کند. نوآوری این پژوهش در ارائه مدلی بومی از شفافیت استراتژیک، متناسب با شرایط فرهنگی و نهادی مناطق کم‌اعتماد است.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Scenario Planning and Strategic Analysis of Industrial–Commercial Scenarios in Emerging Economies سناریوسازی و تحلیل استراتژیک سناریوهای صنعتی-تجاری در اقتصادهای نوظهور 254021 10.22034/smsj.2026.574884.2263 FA محمد حسن قلیزاده دانشیار، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0003-2616-2916 راحله جلال نیا دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت سیاست‌گذاری بازرگانی، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0002-2063-636X Journal Article 2026 02 12 Introduction: Although emerging economies are considered important drivers of global economic growth, their industrial and commercial transformations are influenced by various political, technological, institutional, and market uncertainties. Under such conditions, scenario planning as a foresight approach provides the possibility of exploring alternative futures and enables policymakers and managers to adopt more flexible and proactive strategic decisions. The major challenge in Iran and similar emerging economies is the lack of an indigenous and scientific framework for strategic scenario analysis, which has resulted in reactive decision-making and increased vulnerability to environmental changes. A review of previous studies indicates that most scenario planning studies have focused on developed economies, while the industrial-commercial dimensions of emerging economies have received relatively limited attention. Therefore, the present study aims to develop an integrated framework for scenario planning and strategic analysis of industrial-commercial scenarios in emerging economies and seeks to answer the question: What is the strategic position of industrial-commercial scenarios in emerging economies? Methodology: This study is applied in terms of its purpose and follows a survey-cross-sectional design regarding the method and time frame of data collection. A mixed exploratory research design (qualitative-quantitative) was employed to achieve the research objectives. In the qualitative phase, using a futures research approach and strategic scenario planning method, key drivers, strategic uncertainties, and possible future pathways in the industrial-commercial domain were identified and analyzed. The research participants included managers and experts from the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade of Iran, the Trade Promotion Organization of Iran, the Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the Strategic Research Center of the Expediency Discernment Council, representatives of the Iranian Chamber of Commerce, and university professors specializing in economics and management. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, and theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 25 semi-structured interviews. In the strategic analysis phase, the perspectives of 9 senior managers and key experts from the Trade Promotion Organization of Iran were used. Data collection instruments included semi-structured interviews and a SWOT evaluation questionnaire. In the qualitative stage, interview data were analyzed through thematic analysis, and key opportunities, weaknesses, driving forces, and challenges affecting the industrial-commercial future of emerging economies were extracted. Subsequently, using the SWOT framework and scenario planning approach, interactions among internal and external factors, driving forces, and strategic uncertainties were examined, and alternative future scenarios were developed. In the quantitative phase, SWARA was used to determine the weights of strategic factors, while SWOT analysis and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) were applied to evaluate and prioritize the developed scenarios. Qualitative data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA software, and quantitative analysis was performed using Excel software. Results and Discussion: The findings from the internal and external factor evaluation matrices indicated that the strategic position of industrial-commercial scenarios in emerging economies is conservative (WO). This indicates that achieving industrial-commercial transformation requires utilizing environmental opportunities to compensate for and overcome existing internal weaknesses. Based on the scenario development process, four conservative industrial-commercial scenarios were identified and developed: Scenario One (WO1): “Digital Leap in the Vortex of Instability” This scenario represents a future in which economic instability, exchange rate fluctuations, inconsistent monetary and fiscal policies, and weak coordination among institutions coexist with opportunities such as growing demand in emerging markets and the development of digital technologies. In this scenario, digital platforms, emerging technologies, and data-driven governance can serve as mechanisms for improving economic flexibility and reducing structural weaknesses. Scenario Two (WO2): “Rise of Global Knowledge-Based Economy” This scenario represents a future in which, despite challenges such as limited attraction and retention of elite human capital and weak national branding in global markets, opportunities arising from emerging market growth and increasing support for the knowledge-based economy create a pathway for industrial and commercial development. In this scenario, competitive advantage is based on knowledge, innovation, and human capital rather than natural resources. Strengthening knowledge-based companies, improving national branding, attracting skilled human resources, and developing technology-oriented exports are the main foundations of this scenario. Scenario Three (WO3): “Bridge of Innovation and Global Interaction” This scenario reflects a future where challenges such as institutional inefficiency, bureaucratic barriers, and limitations in human capital retention coexist with opportunities related to industrial and commercial tourism and the expansion of the knowledge-based economy. In this pathway, institutional reforms, business process facilitation, and stronger links among industry, knowledge, and international cooperation can enhance Iran’s position as an economic and technological interaction hub. Scenario Four (WO4): “Green Flight on the New Silk Road” This scenario depicts a future in which dependence on raw material exports and policy fragmentation are addressed through opportunities such as Iran’s geopolitical position in regional corridors and the expansion of green industries and renewable energy markets. In this scenario, movement toward value-added production, sustainable industries, and participation in regional value chains can contribute to long-term industrial transformation. The results of scenario prioritization using the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) showed that the “Rise of Global Knowledge-Based Economy” (WO2) scenario achieved the highest strategic priority. The “Bridge of Innovation and Global Interaction” (WO3) scenario ranked second, followed by the “Green Flight on the New Silk Road” (WO4) and “Digital Leap in the Vortex of Instability” (WO1) scenarios, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the strategic development of industrial-commercial scenarios in emerging economies requires moving from resource-based development toward knowledge-based, innovative, and sustainable development pathways. The conservative strategic position identified in this study demonstrates that emerging economies should focus on utilizing external opportunities while simultaneously addressing institutional, technological, and structural weaknesses. The prioritization results emphasize that strengthening knowledge-based capabilities, improving human capital development, expanding innovation ecosystems, enhancing regional economic interactions, and supporting sustainable industries are among the most important requirements for improving the industrial-commercial position of emerging economies. Therefore, policymakers should adopt scenario-based strategic planning approaches and design flexible policies that enable economies to respond effectively to future uncertainties and enhance their competitiveness in emerging markets. پژوهش حاضر با هدف سناریوسازی و تحلیل استراتژیک مسیرهای صنعتی–تجاری در اقتصادهای نوظهور و با استفاده از طرح آمیخته اکتشافی اجرا شد. در مرحله کیفی، با رویکرد آینده‌پژوهی و سناریونویسی راهبردی، پیشران‌ها و عدم‌قطعیت‌های کلیدی شناسایی شدند. داده‌ها از طریق ۲۵ مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته با مدیران و کارشناسان ارشد نهادهای سیاست‌گذار، نمایندگان اتاق بازرگانی و استادان دانشگاه گردآوری و با روش تحلیل مضمون در نرم‌افزار MAXQDA بررسی شدند. در بخش کمی، با استفاده از نظرات ۹ مدیر ارشد سازمان توسعه تجارت و تکنیک‌های SWARA، ماتریس SWOT و ماتریس برنامه‌ریزی استراتژیک کمی (QSPM) در نرم‌افزار Excel، سناریوها وزن‌دهی و اولویت‌بندی شدند. یافته‌های ماتریس ارزیابی عوامل داخلی و خارجی نشان داد که وضعیت استراتژیک سناریوها در موقعیت محافظه‌کارانه قرار دارد؛ به‌گونه‌ای که بهره‌گیری از فرصت‌های محیطی مستلزم کاهش و مدیریت ضعف‌های ساختاری موجود است. بر اساس فرآیند سناریونویسی، چهار سناریوی بدیل شامل «جهش دیجیتال در گرداب بی‌ثباتی»، «طلوع دانش‌بنیان جهانی»، «پل نوآوری و تعامل جهانی» و «پرواز سبز در مسیر ابریشم نوین» تدوین گردید. نتایج اولویت‌بندی با QSPM حاکی از آن بود که سناریوی «طلوع دانش‌بنیان جهانی» (WO2) با بالاترین امتیاز راهبردی، مطلوب‌ترین مسیر آینده است و سناریوهای «پل نوآوری»، «پرواز سبز» و «جهش دیجیتال» به ترتیب در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که دستیابی به آینده مطلوب در اقتصادهای نوظهور نیازمند ترکیب ظرفیت‌های اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان، توسعه فناوری‌های نوظهور، تقویت تعاملات منطقه‌ای، بهره‌گیری از ظرفیت‌های ژئوپلیتیکی و اصلاح ضعف‌های نهادی و ساختاری است.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Developing a Model of Strategic Factors Affecting Tourist Destination Engagement, Focusing on the Role of Social Media Influencers طراحی مدل عوامل راهبردی موثر بر درگیری‌ با مقصد گردشگری با تمرکز بر نقش تاثیرگذاران شبکه‌های اجتماعی 254022 10.22034/smsj.2026.556507.2231 FA پریسا فروزنده شهرکی گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان 0009-0002-8154-0115 مجید محمد شفیعی گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان 0000-0002-2222-6006 Journal Article 2025 10 31 Extended Abstract Introduction The tourism industry is a key driver of economic and social growth and is of paramount importance to destinations. However, increasing competition in this sector has intensified the need to effectively attract potential tourists. In this competitive environment, tourist engagement, which includes strategies designed to inspire, inform, and encourage destination choice, is a crucial factor in creating awareness, trust, and loyalty to the destination brand. With the expansion of online platforms, the concept of customer engagement has gained additional significance in the tourism industry, as a major proportion of interactions concerning destinations now occur online. Engagement also serves as a vital indicator of advertising campaign effectiveness, influences desired consumer behaviors, and contributes directly to the co-creation of destination image. Despite the recognized importance of customer engagement, research in the tourism field remains limited. Customer engagement is strongly influenced by its context and must be examined across diverse settings. Additionally, previous research has underscored the importance of identifying engagement drivers, calling for new studies that explore customer engagement through digital user interfaces, and suggesting that antecedents be examined within a comprehensive, multifaceted model. While studies have identified antecedents of customer engagement across varied categories, crucial factors, particularly those regarding digital platforms and the role of influencers, remain insufficiently explored. Addressing these research gaps, the present study focuses on examining the antecedents of customer engagement within the social media context, with a strategic emphasis on the roles of influencers and digital platforms, using Communication Effectiveness Model to acknowledge the persuasive power of these modern digital tools and to deepen the existing understanding of the effective strategic factors in this domain. Methodology The present study was conducted qualitatively and the data obtained from semi-structured interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis technique. The statistical population of this study is academic experts in the fields of marketing and tourism as well as hotel and travel agency managers, some of whom were selected through purposive sampling. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached to ensure that the sample size was sufficient and that the collected data reflected content validity. From the 12th to the 14th interview, it was determined that no new insights were added to the research, and for this reason, the sampling process was stopped. Then, the data obtained from the interviews were transcribed and analyzed with thematic analysis technique using MAXQDA 2020 software. The reliability of the study was also measured and confirmed by the test-retest reliability and the intra-subject agreement methods. Results and Discussion By conducting thematic analysis on the data obtained from the interviews, 700 initial codes were extracted, which were systematically categorized into 5 main themes and 21 sub-themes. These findings confirmed that destination engagement is a multifaceted phenomenon affected by five key strategic factors. The first factor identified was the role of Social Media Influencers, who act as modern marketers and sources of advertising messages. The study determined that to be effective, they should possess diverse characteristics including expertise, attractiveness, credibility and trustworthiness, inspiration, content production skills, and congruity. These results are consistent with and expand upon established models of source credibility and source attractiveness. The second key antecedent is the Social Media Platform Experience. This was confirmed as a multidimensional construct comprising sub-themes such as perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, visual appeal, perceived risk, perceived popularity, and perceived interactions. This finding advances the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by applying it to the tourism context and focusing on the platform experience as a driver of destination engagement. The research further revealed that Destination Awareness was prominently identified as an influence on tourist engagement. However, unlike many previous studies that treated this variable as one-dimensional, the current study defined it as having three distinct dimensions: prior knowledge and perceptions of the destination, previous destination visit experience, and social validation. The definition and articulation of these three dimensions is considered one of the primary contributions of this research. Finally, the findings introduced Tourist Psychological Characteristics as internal push factors and Destination's Tourist Friendliness as external pull factors affecting tourist engagement. For the latter, dimensions identified include tourism attractions and experiences, destination value proposition, macro-environmental factors, infrastructure and tourism services, and access to destination information. These results align with and expand upon the theory of push and pull factors in tourism. Conclusion The present study aimed to identify strategic factors affecting tourist destination engagement and, in response, developed a conceptual framework of its antecedents, focusing specifically on the role of social media influencers. The distinctive feature of this research lies in its use of a qualitative approach to construct a comprehensive and coherent model from the integrated perspectives of academic experts and tourism industry professionals. The resulting model is highly valuable because it not only confirms the key role of influencers as a modern marketing strategy and explains the specific factors that increase their influence, but also holistically integrates other crucial antecedents regarding tourists and destinations into a single, comprehensive framework. The findings synthesized five main strategic themes—social media influencers, social media platform experience, destination's tourist-friendliness, tourist psychological characteristics, and destination awareness. In essence, the study revealed that tourist's psychological engagement is a complex process influenced by multiple strategic factors, which can be grouped into three overarching categories: influencer-related factors, tourist-related factors, and destination-related factors. By achieving this, the present study successfully addressed the gaps in the literature regarding the lack of a coherent qualitative model of destination engagement and also provided deep insights for developing effective strategies to enhance tourist engagement in the digital age. هدف این پژوهش، شناسایی و طراحی مدلی جامع از عوامل راهبردی مؤثر بر درگیری گردشگر با مقصد، با تأکید ویژه بر نقش و جایگاه کلیدی بازاریابی تأثیرگذاران در ارتقای درگیری گردشگر در بستر رسانه‌های اجتماعی است. در دنیای دیجیتال امروز، درگیری گردشگر نه‌تنها از‌طریق بازدید‌حضوری بلکه به‌واسطه تعاملات حول مقصد‌گردشگری در محیط‌های آنلاین به‌وقوع‌می‌پیوندد. در این بستر جدید، تاثیرگذاران به‌عنوان منبع اطلاعاتی نقش‌محوری در جلب‌توجه و علاقه گردشگران به‌مقصد و شکل‌دهی به تصمیمات سفر ایشان ایفا می‌کنند. با‌این‌حال، درگیری‌با‌مقصد به‌عنوان یک استراتژی مهم بازاریابی تنها تحت‌تاثیر تاثیرگذاران نبوده و عوامل متعدد دیگری نیز می‌توانند در این زمینه موثر باشند. پژوهش‌حاضر درصدد‌ است تا این عوامل ریشه‌ای که هنوز به‌صورت جامع ارزیابی و مدلسازی نشده‌اند را شناسایی نماید. این پژوهش به‌صورت کیفی و از‌طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با جمعی از خبرگان‌دانشگاهی‌و‌مدیران‌صنعت‌گردشگری انجام‌گرفت که از‌طریق نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شده‌بودند. پس از مصاحبه چهاردهم اشباع‌نظری حاصل‌گردید، مصاحبه‌ها مکتوب و با نرم‌افزار MAXQDA 2020 کدگذاری شدند و با رویکرد استقرایی و روش تحلیل‌تم براون و کلارک (2006) ارزیابی گردیدند. 700 کد‌اولیه استخراج‌شد که از این میان 21 تم‌فرعی و 5 تم‌اصلی بدست‌آمد. در‌‌‌نهایت، چارچوبی جامع برای درگیری‌با‌مقصد با تمرکز بر نقش تاثیرگذاران حاصل‌گردید و مشخص‌شد که از دیدگاه خبرگان ویژگی‌های تاثیرگذاران با تاکید بر تخصص، جذابیت و اعتبار ایشان، پیام مخابره‌شده از سوی این افراد و رسانه‌ای که مورد‌استفاده قرار می‌دهند و همچنین گردشگرپسند‌بودن‌مقصد، آگاهی‌از‌مقصد و ویژگی‌های‌روانشناختی گردشگران بر درگیری‌گردشگر موثر هستند.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Approaches to Evaluating Organizational Effectiveness: A Review of the Convergence of the Balanced Scorecard and the Rational Goal Framework رویکردهای ارزیابی اثربخشی سازمانی: مروری بر همگرایی کارت امتیازی متوازن و چارچوب هدف ‌محور عقلانی 254023 10.22034/smsj.2026.581799.2275 FA لیلا عسگری گروه مدیریت دولتی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران غلام رضا معمارزاده طهران گروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-8800-0149 سید مهدی الوانی گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-1885-4325 ابوالفضل کاظمی گروه مهندسی صنایع، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2026 05 18 Introduction Organizational effectiveness is a multidimensional concept that has gained renewed attention as organizations operate in increasingly complex, dynamic, and stakeholder-driven environments. Traditional approaches relying primarily on financial indicators are no longer sufficient for capturing performance in contemporary organizational settings. As a result, more integrative models have emerged to reflect strategic priorities, operational processes, and diverse stakeholder expectations. Among these, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and the Rational Goal Model are two influential frameworks that offer complementary perspectives on how effectiveness can be understood and assessed. The Balanced Scorecard provides a structured approach that translates strategy into measurable objectives across multiple perspectives. Through its causal logic and emphasis on strategic alignment, the BSC allows organizations to convert long-term vision into actionable performance indicators. In contrast, the Rational Goal Model conceptualizes effectiveness through goal attainment, resource acquisition, internal process efficiency, and stakeholder satisfaction. It highlights the contextual, political, and interpretive aspects of performance and acknowledges that organizations operate with multiple, sometimes conflicting, definitions of success. Despite the extensive use of both approaches, there remains limited synthesis that clarifies how their complementarities and tensions can inform the design of more comprehensive performance measurement systems. This study addresses that gap by reviewing recent theoretical and empirical research on the two frameworks. The objective is to explain their conceptual foundations, identify key applications and implementation challenges, and explore how their integration may support more context-sensitive and strategic approaches to assessing organizational effectiveness. Methodology This research adopts a narrative review methodology to synthesize diverse theoretical and empirical contributions rather than applying a highly restrictive systematic protocol. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using established academic databases with keywords related to performance measurement, Balanced Scorecard, rational models, organizational effectiveness, and strategic management. The search focused on peer-reviewed publications from 2015 to 2025 to capture recent developments reflecting digital transformation, stakeholder expectations, and sustainability considerations. From an initial set of 301 sources, screening and eligibility assessment led to the selection of 32 studies that directly addressed the conceptual, methodological, or practical dimensions of the BSC and the Rational Goal Model. Extracted data included theoretical framing, organizational context, research design, major findings, implementation challenges, and implications for integrating the two frameworks. Findings were synthesized through an interpretive process that identified recurring themes, points of divergence, and areas of potential synergy. Results and Discussion The review shows that the Balanced Scorecard is widely applied across private, public, nonprofit, and healthcare organizations. Its principal contribution lies in structuring performance around multiple perspectives that connect strategy with operational indicators. The BSC helps organizations clarify strategic priorities, align resources, and monitor performance through coherent, interconnected metrics. In practice, its strength is most evident when organizations need to ensure strategic alignment, promote accountability, and translate long-term goals into measurable outcomes. However, implementation challenges remain significant. Selecting appropriate indicators, ensuring data quality, addressing cultural resistance, and adapting the BSC to different contextual conditions often require substantial managerial commitment and analytical capability. Despite these barriers, the framework continues to evolve by incorporating sustainability metrics, digital transformation indicators, and more adaptive learning mechanisms. The Rational Goal Model contributes a broader, more flexible theoretical lens that examines performance through goal attainment, resource acquisition, internal processes, and stakeholder satisfaction. Unlike the BSC’s structured architecture, this model accepts that organizational effectiveness is fluid, contingent, and shaped by competing interpretations. It is particularly relevant in environments characterized by ambiguity, diverse stakeholder expectations, or conflicting performance criteria. Nevertheless, the model faces practical challenges, including the difficulty of setting clear goals in turbulent environments, managing competing stakeholder demands, and balancing multiple criteria simultaneously. A central insight of this review is that the two frameworks are potentially complementary. The Balanced Scorecard provides discipline, structure, and strategic coherence, while the Rational Goal Model offers contextual sensitivity and theoretical depth. When thoughtfully combined, they can support more comprehensive performance systems that are both strategically grounded and responsive to environmental contingencies. Integrative approaches identified in the literature include adapting BSC perspectives to reflect stakeholder diversity, embedding contextual variables in scorecard design, and applying rational goal principles to refine indicator selection and interpretation. However, integration increases complexity and requires strong leadership support, clear purpose, stakeholder engagement, and high-quality data systems. Conclusion This review highlights that organizational effectiveness can only be understood through a multidimensional and context-sensitive lens. The Balanced Scorecard and the Rational Goal Model offer valuable but incomplete perspectives that, when combined, create a more comprehensive platform for performance measurement. Organizations aiming to adopt such systems must ensure strategic alignment, stakeholder involvement, robust data processes, and mechanisms for continuous learning. Ultimately, integrating the structured logic of the BSC with the contextual flexibility of the Rational Goal Model can enhance decision-making, accountability, and responsiveness in contemporary organizations. اندازه‌گیری اثربخشی سازمانی در محیط‌های پیچیده و ذی‌نفع‌محور امروز دیگر با تکیه صرف بر شاخص‌های مالی قابل توضیح نیست. این مقاله مروری روایت‌محور با هدف تبیین و یکپارچه‌سازی کارت امتیازی متوازن و مدل هدف‌محور عقلانی، کاربردهای سازمانی و چالش‌های پیاده‌سازی و عوامل موفقیت این دو رویکرد را بررسی می‌کند. با استفاده از منابع معتبر و با تمرکز بر مطالعات منتشرشده در سال‌های 2015 تا 2025، 32 مقاله برای تحلیل انتخاب شد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد کارت امتیازی متوازن با ساختار نظام‌مند، منطق علّی و هم‌راستایی استراتژیک، ابزار مناسبی برای تبدیل استراتژی به سنجه‌های عملیاتی است. در حالیکه مدل هدف‌محور عقلانی با تأکید بر اقتضای زمینه، تنوع ذی‌نفعان و تعارض معیارهای اثربخشی، عمق نظری و انعطاف تفسیری بیشتری فراهم می‌کند. ادغام این دو رویکرد می‌تواند به طراحی نظام‌های سنجش جامع‌تر، متوازن‌تر و حساس‌تر به زمینه منجر شود. با اینحال پیچیدگی طراحی، کیفیت داده، محدودیت منابع، مقاومت فرهنگی و نیاز به تعهد مدیریتی از مهم‌ترین موانع اجرا هستند. همچنین هم‌راستایی راهبردی، مشارکت ذی‌نفعان، طراحی سنجه‌های متوازن و بازنگری مستمر بعنوان عوامل کلیدی موفقیت شناسایی شدند. این مطالعه با روشن‌کردن ظرفیت‌های مکمل و تنش‌های دو چارچوب، مبنایی نظری و کاربردی برای توسعه نظام‌های سنجش عملکرد در سازمان‌های معاصر فراهم می‌آورد. از منظر روش‌شناختی، این پژوهش خلأ موجود در ادبیات را با گردآوری و تحلیل شواهد نظری و تجربی درباره هم‌افزایی دو چارچوب پوشش می‌دهد. در سطح عملی نیز نتایج برای مدیرانی که به دنبال سنجش عملکرد چندبعدی، تصمیم‌گیری مبتنی بر داده و تقویت پاسخگویی سازمانی هستند، کاربردی است.

انجمن مدیریت راهبردی ایران فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی 2228-6853 17 67 2026 09 23 Designing a Model of the Relationship Between E-commerce and Entrepreneurship in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Kermanshah Province طراحی مدل ارتباط بین تجارت الکترونیک و کارآفرینی در شرکت‌های کوچک و متوسط استان کرمانشاه 254024 10.22034/smsj.2026.584709.2279 FA مهرداد نورمحمدی دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0009-0006-9667-3606 محمد نادر محمدی گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0009-0002-8048-0114 امید علی کهریزی گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0003-3763-7155 پریسا بهمنی گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0001-7169-3148 Journal Article 2026 06 02 Introduction: In recent decades, the expansion of digital technologies and the evolution of information platforms have transformed the traditional structure of businesses and paved the way for the formation of new patterns of technology-based economic activities. Accordingly, the main goals of this research is to explain the synergy mechanism between e-commerce and entrepreneurship and design a native model for small and medium-sized enterprises in Kermanshah province. Methodology: The present study is classified as applied-developmental research. First, a meta-synthesis method was conducted to identify a network of fundamental concepts and the links between them. The stage of refining and confirming the components was carried out through the fuzzy Delphi method and relying on the collective wisdom of experts.Then, the logic of ISM was used. In the third step, the PLS method was used. The present study was designed as a cross-sectional survey study that used four main tools, including library studies, a fuzzy Delphi questionnaire, ISM questionnaire, and a quantitative analysis questionnaire. The statistical population related to the fuzzy Delphi and ISM sections includes a set of academic experts, specialists in the field of e-commerce and entrepreneurship, and senior managers of small and medium-sized companies in Kermanshah province. Sampling in this section was carried out in a purposeful and non-probability manner. In the fuzzy Delphi method, 15 selected experts, including university professors, managers of technological units, and successful entrepreneurs of Kermanshah province, were selected as members of the final panel. The two-stage Delphi process led to theoretical saturation and convergence of views. Also, the same expert panel was used in the ISM stage. Results and Discussion: In the meta-synthesis method, a large collection of valid studies was reviewed and 115 initial codes were extracted from them, which, after being combined and categorized, were organized into 71 subcategories and 13 main categories. To validate these constructs, the fuzzy Delphi technique was used with the participation of 15 experts, and the necessary consensus was reached for the components to enter the modeling stage. Then, based on the ISM method and using MICMAC software, the causal relationships between the components were analyzed and the seven-level hierarchical structure of the model was drawn. In the quantitative part, the extracted model was tested using a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale with the participation of 150 managers and experts from small and medium-sized companies in the province. Data analysis was performed using the PLS method and SMART PLS software, and the results showed that the coefficient of determination of the constructs was at a strong and very strong level, the path coefficients were significant, and the fit indices confirmed the adequacy of the model. The findings showed that technological infrastructure and digital security, as well as policy facilitation and a supportive legal environment, play the role of key drivers at level seven and activate strategic entrepreneurial orientation at level six. This orientation paves the way for strengthening digital financial inclusion, adopting new digital technologies, developing digital entrepreneurship skills and competencies, training and empowering digital skills, as well as creating innovation in value proposition, improving customer experience, strengthening dynamic capabilities and digital innovation, entrepreneurship ecosystem interactions, and developing the digital market. Therefore, the middle levels of the model ultimately strengthens the performance of digital entrepreneurship and organizational productivity in small and medium-sized enterprises in Kermanshah province. Conclusion: Strengthening this orientation leads to key constructs such as digital financial inclusion, adoption of new technologies, digital entrepreneurship skills, technological learning, and innovation in value proposition, which in turn leads to the growth of ecosystem interactions, the development of the digital market, and the increase in the ability of firms to enter domestic and international markets. The ultimate outcome of this causal flow is to enhance digital entrepreneurship performance and improve organizational productivity. پژوهش حاضر باهدف طراحی مدل ارتباط بین تجارت الکترونیک و کارآفرینی در شرکت‌های کوچک و متوسط استان کرمانشاه انجام شد. این پژوهش تفسیرگرایانه، دارای رویکرد استقرایی، از منظر هدف کاربردی- توسعه‌ای و از حیث گردآوری داده‌ها پیمایشی–مقطعی بوده است. درروش فراترکیب، 13 مقوله اصلی شناسایی و در دلفی فازی با مشارکت 15 نفر خبره استفاده شد. سپس، روش ساختاری–تفسیری استفاده‌شده است. جامعه آماری بخش کمی 150 نفر از خبرگان شرکت‌های کوچک و متوسط استان بوده است. در فراترکیب از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و اسنادی، در دلفی فازی از پرسشنامه دلفی فازی، در ساختاری تفسیری از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته و در حداقل مربعات جزئی از پرسشنامه تحلیل کمی استفاده‌شده است. در فراترکیب نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، در دلفی فازی و ساختاری تفسیری از نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و غیر احتمالی و در حداقل مربعات جزئی نیز از نمونه‌گیری غیر احتمالی در دسترس استفاده‌شده است. درنهایت، مؤلفه‌های زیرساخت‌های فناورانه سطح هفتم در شکل‌گیری جهت‌گیری کارآفرینانه استراتژیک ‌در سطح ششم تأثیرگذارند و زمینه‌ساز فعال شدن سازه‌های سطح پنجم می‌گردند. سازه‌های سطح پنجم نیز ‌بر مؤلفه‌های‌ سطح چهار تأثیر گذاشته و بنیانی برای ایجاد نوآوری در سازه‌های سطح سه و تقویت مؤلفه‌های سطح دوم فراهم می‌آورند. این جریان‌ها، به عملکرد کارآفرینی دیجیتال و بهره‌وری سازمانی‌ در سطح یک منجر می‌شوند.